Aviation is booming, especially in the Asia–Pacific region. Air travel has reached record numbers both domestically and internationally, with further strong growth forecast over coming decades.

Despite the financial headwinds faced by New Zealand’s regional airlines, operators say that “passenger numbers on regional airlines have never been better”. “Passenger numbers are through the roof", says Sounds Air boss Andrew Crawford in a Newsroom article.

Once again flights in and out of New Zealand are increasing, helped by the New Zealand government promoting international tourism as a key driver of economic growth.

To support the growth, international airlines are expanding capacity.

Airports across New Zealand have also set in place expansion plans. An example is Nelson. The airport wants to see passenger numbers double from 900,000 to 1.8 million a year by 2050.

Despite unambiguous evidence of the devastating impacts of human-induced climate change, commitments to decarbonise aviation are stalling both here and overseas. The result is that aviation emissions continue to increase at a time when other sectors are working hard to reduce theirs.

In just-published research, Daniel Scott and Stefan Gössling examine the UN World Tourism Organization’s climate declarations and conclude that there has been limited to no progress on 25 climate action pledges. They also evaluate commitments by the World Travel and Tourism Council, IATA, International Civil Aviation Organization, and individual airlines, finding that none of their self-set targets has been met.

So how can aviation contribute to tackling climate change when no practicable technology-based solutions are on the horizon?

The Nelson and Tasman communities have invested $32 million in a new airport terminal. It’s very smart, and made of wood, but it’s designed to increase fossil fuel emissions.

At the same time, Nelson has suffered repeated devastation from extreme storms, at a time when the city is looking to reduce emissions. The community’s critical asset – the airport – can be a helpful part of the city’s climate action plans.

This problem of aviation emissions is playing out in Nelson, one of New Zealand’s premier tourist destinations. While it is known for its sunny days, in recent years it has also suffered from damaging storms that are predicted to become more frequent and intense with climate change. The August 2022 storm event caused more than $80m of damage in the region, and a downpour in recent weeks led to flooding in downtown Nelson.

Recognising the need to reduce emissions, Nelson City Council will soon meet to approve its climate change strategy, aiming to reduce gross emissions by at least 6.8% each and every year, in line with the government’s target.

That will require significant new investment. Who should pay for it? Should it be the community as a whole, or should those who are causing the problem contribute more? If Nelson airport proposes to double passenger numbers without any realistic plan to reduce emissions, is there a way of adopting the “polluter pays” principle and using revenue from flying to help decarbonise other parts of the local economy?

There is a way. The airport is jointly owned by Nelson City Council and neighbouring Tasman District Council. It recently invested $32m in a new terminal (catering for future growth, which means growth in pollution), with further expansion on the drawing board.

A “polluter pays” levy of $20 per departing passenger – about 10% of the average ticket price – would raise $9m per year towards climate action by the two councils. Potential uses of such a levy include funding active and public transport, helping businesses to reduce emissions via electrification, supporting community solar power, and funding adaptation infrastructure.

Much greater price increases by Air New Zealand in recent years, of between 30% and 300% depending on the route, have had no impact on passenger numbers, indicating an ability and a willingness to pay. While most New Zealanders need to fly sometimes, most flying is done by a small number of frequent flyers. Globally, 1% of the world’s population, the wealthiest frequent flyers, are responsible for 50% of aviation emissions. Therefore, a “polluter pays” levy acts as a progressive, pro-climate tax.

It is true that New Zealand also has the Emissions Trading Scheme. Passengers contribute about $3 per domestic flight via the ETS.

Unfortunately, this does little to nothing towards reducing emissions. At present the money either goes to the government (which has cancelled most direct climate spending) or towards the mass planting of pine trees, which is commonly criticised as being an ineffective strategy with negative effects on biodiversity.

Airports and airlines themselves should welcome such a levy, which could be introduced nationwide. They could then point to the tangible community benefits of the levy and maintain their social licence to operate in an era when the aviation industry’s bold claims (“Net zero by 2050!”) amount to so much greenwashing.

It needs to be recognised that such a levy only buys the aviation industry a little time, and that the industry needs to either rapidly decarbonise or start reducing flights to meet climate targets. At present it is impossible to know if any of their plans for lower-emission flights will come about or have much of an impact on emissions. We hope they do. But hope alone is not enough; hope needs action, and the time for action is now.